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| - Mass Budgets, Pathways, andEquilibrium States of TwoHexachlorocyclohexanes in theBaltic Sea Environment
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| - The POPCYCLING-Baltic model, a non-steady-statemulticompartmental mass balance model of long-termchemical fate in the Baltic Sea environment, is used toderive a quantitative understanding of the behavior of α-and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) from 1970 to 2000. Theatmosphere is found to effectively distribute the HCHswithin the Baltic Sea environment and beyond, resultingin relatively uniform concentrations in environmentalcompartments that do not directly receive emissions. Thisuniformity is the result of a large-scale redistribution ofa relatively small fraction of the emitted HCHs from theagricultural systems in source areas to all other environmentalcompartments throughout the Baltic Sea region. Themajor fraction of the HCHs is degraded in the soils receivingthe pesticide application. In areas where HCH-containingpesticides are used, HCHs evaporate from soils andwater bodies and are advected away in the atmosphere.They are deposited to forests and water bodies when theyreach remote regions. This redistribution is driven by theinclination of the HCHs to equalize their chemical potentialwithin the environment, which is illustrated through theuse of fugacity fractions. The model is believed to provideuseful insight into the complex set of interactions thatdetermine the overall fate of an environmental contaminantbut which are inaccessible to measurements.
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