| Abstract
| - Smoke samples, in both gas and particulate matter (PM)phases, of the three domestic stoves were collected usingU.S. EPA modified method 5 and were analyzed for 17PAH (HPLC−UV), acute toxicity (Microtox test), andmutagenicity (Ames test). The gas phase of smoke contributed≥95% of 17 PAH, ≥96% of toxicity, and ≥60% ofmutagenicity. The highest emission factor of 17 PAH wasfrom sawdust briquettes (260 mg/kg), but the highestemission of 11 genotoxic PAH was from kerosene (28 mg/kg). PM samples of kerosene smoke were not toxic. Thetotal toxicity emission factor was the highest from sawdust,followed by kerosene and wood fuel. Smoke samplesfrom the kerosene stove were not mutagenic. TA98 indicatedthe presence of both direct and indirect mutagenicactivities in PM samples of sawdust and wood fuel butonly direct mutagenic activities in the gas phase. TA100detected only direct mutagenic activities in both PM and gas-phase samples. The higher mutagenicity emission factorwas from wood fuel, 12 × 106 revertants/kg (TA100-S9) and3.5 × 106 (TA98-S9), and lower from sawdust, 2.9 × 106(TA100-S9) and 2.8 × 106 (TA98-S9). The low burning rateand high efficiency of a kerosene stove have resultedin the lowest PAH, toxicity, and mutagenicity emissionsfrom daily cooking activities. The bioassays produced toxicityand mutagenicity results in correspondence with thePAH content of samples. The tests could be used for aquick assessment of potential health risks.
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