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| - Precursors ofN-Nitrosodimethylamine in NaturalWaters
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| - Monochloramine disinfection of drinking water can resultin the formation of the potent carcinogen N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). To assess NDMA precursor concentrations in natural waters, samples from lakes, reservoirs,groundwaters, and isolated natural organic matterwere exposed to relatively high concentrations ofmonochloramine. After 1 week, the concentration of NDMAranged from approximately 0.1 to 0.8 nM. Application ofa sensitive new GC/MS/MS technique and amendment ofa sample with the known NDMA precursor dimethylamine(DMA) prior to chloramination indicated that only a smallfraction of the NDMA produced during chloramination couldbe attributable to DMA. Chloramination of isolatednatural organic matter and application of solid-phaseextraction prior to chloramination suggested that naturalorganic matter accounts for a significant fraction ofthe precursors. However, the concentrations of NDMAprecursors were higher in the epilimnion than the hypolimnionof two stratified reservoirs despite similar concentrationsof dissolved organic carbon throughout the water column.Experiments performed to simulate the formation of NDMAduring conditions comparable to those encountered inwater treatment and distribution systems that use chloramineindicated that the concentration of NDMA producedfrom naturally occurring precursors usually will be lessthan 0.1 nM. The results indicate that chloramination ofnatural organic matter alone is unlikely to produce NDMAlevels exceeding the current regulations.
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