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| - Tire-Wear Particles as a Source ofZinc to the Environment
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| - Tire-tread material has a zinc (Zn) content of about 1 wt%. The quantity of tread material lost to road surfaces byabrasion has not been well characterized. Two approacheswere used to assess the magnitude of this nonpointsource of Zn in the U.S. for the period 1936−1999. In thefirst approach, tread-wear rates from the automotiveengineering literature were used in conjunction with vehicledistance-driven data from the U.S. Department ofTransportation to determine Zn releases. A secondapproach calculated this source term from the volume oftread lost during lifetime tire wear. These analysesshowed that the quantity of Zn released by tire wear inthe mid-1990s was of the same magnitude as that releasedfrom waste incineration. For 1999, the quantity of Znreleased by tire wear in the U.S. is estimated to be 10 000−11 000 metric tons. A specific case study focused on Znsources and sinks in an urban−suburban watershed (LakeAnne) in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area for atime period of the late 1990s. The atmospheric flux of totalZn (wet deposition) to the watershed was 2 μg/cm2/yr.The flux of Zn to the watershed estimated from tire wearwas 42 μg/cm2/yr. The measured accumulation rate oftotal Zn in age-dated sediment cores from Lake Anne was27 μg/cm2/yr. These data suggest that tire-wear Zninputs to urban−suburban watersheds can be significantlygreater than atmospheric inputs, although the watershedappears to retain appreciable quantities of vehicular Zn inputs.
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