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| - Combined Bioaugmentation andBiostimulation To Cleanup SoilContaminated with HighConcentrations of Atrazine
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| - We developed a joint bioaugmentation and biostimulationapproach for the clean up of soil contaminated withhigh (168.7 and 337.4 μg g-1) concentrations of the herbicideatrazine (2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine). Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP (P. ADP) was usedfor bioaugmentation (∼107 cells g-1 soil), and citrate(concentration range 5.8−40 mg g-1 soil) and succinate (6.2−30.8 mg g-1) were used for biostimulation. The study soilhad indigenous potential for atrazine mineralization (54.4 ±2% of 168.7 μg g-1 mineralized after 67 day), but rapidmineralization only took place after a prolonged acclimationphase (∼28 days). Inoculation with P. ADP alone resultedin a limited improvement in mineralization (e.g., 30.6 ±1% mineralization of 168.7 μg g-1 of atrazine in inoculatedsoil cf. <0.5% in noninoculated in 7 days). Quantificationof surviving numbers of P. ADP revealed a 10-fold declinefrom initial levels. However, bioaugmentation togetherwith citrate or succinate biostimulation markedly increasedP. ADP cell survival and atrazine mineralization (e.g.,addition of 11.6 mg g-1 of citrate increased mineralizationof 337.4 μg g-1 of atrazine from <2 to 79.9 ± 1% in 13days). A critical parameter in determining the extent ofatrazine mineralization by P. ADP was Cs:Natz (soluble carbonto atrazine nitrogen ratio): Cs:Natz> 40 was required formaximal atrazine mineralization. We suggest our observationsmay be used as a framework for rational bioremediationof field soils contaminated with atrazine.
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