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| - XPS and TEM Studies on the Role of the Support and Alkali Promoter in Ru/MgO andRu−Cs+/MgO Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis
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| - The chemical state of ruthenium in the Ru/MgO and Ru−Cs+/MgO catalysts prepared by the incipient wetnesstechnique with the use of Ru(OH)Cl3 and Cs2CO3 as the catalyst and promoter precursors, respectively, ischaracterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The influence of the final state effects (the differentialcharging and variations of the relaxation energy) on the binding energy of Ru 3d5/2 core level measured forsupported Ru nanoparticles is estimated by comparison of the Fermi levels and the modified Auger parametersdetermined for the Ru/MgO and Ru−Cs+/MgO catalysts with the corresponding characteristics ofpolycrystalline Ru foil. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) in combination withenergy dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis reveals that Ru particles in the Ru−Cs+/MgO catalyst arecovered with an amorphous layer containing cesium. XPS data show that the layer subjected to the prolongedtreatment with H2 at 450 °C consists of cesium suboxide Cs2+XO. The shift of the Ru 3d5/2 binding energytoward lower values is found for the Ru−Cs+/MgO catalyst (279.7 eV) with respect to metallic Ru (280.2eV) and the Ru/MgO catalyst (280.5 eV). It is assumed that the shift results from a decrease in the workfunction of ruthenium under the action of Cs+ cations located on the Ru surface. The data obtained are usedto explain the sharp difference in the activities of the Ru/MgO and Ru−Cs+/MgO catalysts for ammoniasynthesis at 250−400 °C.
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