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| - Ozone-Cleavable Gemini Surfactants. Their Surface-ActiveProperties, Ozonolysis, and Biodegradability
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| - A series of bis(sulfonate) or bis(carboxylate) types of double-chain surfactants (gemini surfactants)containing carbon−carbon double bond(s) in their lipophilic chains and/or the connecting part were preparedwith the intention of developing high-performance surfactants having a decomposition character towardozone. Some profiles with respect to the structural effect of the double bond(s) on the surface-active propertiesof these gemini types of surfactants were revealed as follows: (1) the displacement of a C−C bond by aCC bond in the connecting part made a positive contribution both to micellar formation and to theeffectiveness and efficiency of adsorption on the surface; (2) in contrast to this, a CC bond in the lipophilicchains of gemini surfactants made a negative contribution to these properties. Ozonolysis of these geminisurfactants was easily accomplished by passing ozone through their micellar aqueous solutions followedby successive reduction of the resulting mixtures with NaBH4. A remarkable change in foaming propertieswas observed before and after the ozonolysis; that is, foam stability of all examined ozonolytic productswas extremely low. Finally, biodegradability of some gemini surfactants and their ozonolytic product byactivated sludge was estimated. Their degradabilities were much higher than that of sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate and were comparable to that of sodium 1-dodecanesulfonate under the same conditions.
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