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| - Studies on Bitumen−Silica Interaction in AqueousSolutions by Atomic Force Microscopy
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| - The forces between spin-coated bitumen on a silica wafer and a silica particle in aqueous solutions weremeasured with an atomic force microscope. The effect of solution pH, salinity, divalent ion addition, andtemperature on the interaction/adhesion forces was studied. The results showed that higher solution pHand temperature and lower salinity and calcium concentration resulted in a system of a stronger long-range repulsive force and a weaker adhesive force, which is favorable for bitumen detachment from thesilica surface and the subsequent stabilization. The long-range interaction forces between bitumen andsilica can be well described with the classical Derjaguin−Landau−Verwey−Overbeek theory, suggestingthat the electrostatic forces play a dominant role in a bitumen−silica colloidal system. The best-fitted Sternpotentials of bitumen and silica were in excellent agreement with the corresponding zeta potential valuesmeasured independently using an electrophoresis technique. An additional repulsive force was observedat a relatively short separation. This additional repulsion can be attributed to a polymer-like steric force.The implication of the interaction forces measured by atomic force microscopy was confirmed by zetapotential distribution measurements. The quantitative description of bitumen/silica interaction providedfundamental insights into the bitumen extraction mechanism in a water-based system for bitumen extractionfrom oil sands and justified the industrial use of caustics.
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