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| - Electron heating by large-amplitude shear Alfvén waves in the upper chromosphere with a force-free magnetic configuration
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| - Aims.We investigate how large-amplitude shear Alfvén waves (AWs) can heat the upper chromosphere with a magnetic force-free configuration. Methods. We used a 2D3V fully relativistic electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation. Results. We found that the shear AWs with linear polarization and about one period can excite quasi-electrostatic waves driven by the modified two-stream instability, resulting in electron heating within a short time $t\simeq50{omega_{\rm ci}}^{-1}$. The results could be applied to the electron heating in the upper chromosphere where small-scale magnetic flux tubes are interacting with each other, making shear magnetic field structures between them.
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