| Abstract
| - Recent observations of broad-band afterglow of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) suggest that the standard external shock model cannot account for all the data. The observed “afterglow” of some GRBs includes the contributions from at least three emission components. Theoretically, there are naturally three emission sites. Besides the traditional external forward shock, the existence of X-ray flares demands late central engine activities of the GRB central engine, so that an “internal dissipation” region of the late wind is another emission site. After dissipation, this late wind would inevitably catch up with the blastwave, giving rise to a third emission site at a long-lasting reverse shock. Some recent efforts in understanding the broadband afterglow are reviewed.
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