. . . . . . "Diesel Nucleation Mode Particles: Semivolatile or Solid?" . . . "Although the preponderance of current data points to semivolatile diesel nuclei particles composed of sulfuric acid and heavy hydrocarbons, the question remains as to what extent, if any, they contain solid cores. We present evidence here of a \u201Csolid\u201D particle nucleation mode that accompanies normal soot emissions in the case of two modern light-duty diesel vehicles run with ultralow sulfur fuel. This mode is most prominent at idle, but also appears at speeds below \u223C30 mph, and is highly sensitive to the level of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The nuclei particles are examined for their volatility and electrical charge. In stark contrast to \u201Cconventional\u201D nuclei particles, they remain nonvolatile to >400 \u00B0C and exhibit a bipolar charge with a Boltzmann temperature of 580 \u00B0C. Their nonvolatile nature rules out sulfate and heavy hydrocarbons as primary constituents, and their electrical charge requires formation in a high-temperature environment capable of generating bipolar ions. This suggests that \u201Csolid\u201D nuclei particles form during combustion but remain distinct from soot particles, analogous to what has been found recently in flames. As concerns about potential emissions of nonvolatile nanoparticles have already surfaced, an important conclusion of this study is that diesel particulate filters remove the \u201Csolid\u201D nucleation mode with an efficiency comparable to soot." . . "Electrical and volatility properties of \u201Csolid\u201D diesel nuclei particles demonstrate that these are engine-formed, whereas their semivolatile counterparts nucleate as the exhaust cools." . . . .