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| - Absolute Measurement of Phosphorylation Levels in a Biological Membrane UsingAtomic Force Microscopy: The Creation of Phosphorylation Maps
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| - We show that it is possible to produce phosphorylation difference maps of biological membranesunder conditions which reflect those in vivo and in which proteins remain functional. We also demonstratethat absolute levels of phosphorylation are retrieved through the application of an appropriate calibrationmethod. Finally we show that the kinetics of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation can also be monitored.These methods are demonstrated on photosynthetic membranes from higher plants, for which proteinphosphorylation is the dominant regulatory mechanism. We show directly that the most recent estimatesof the phosphorylation levels in this system are reasonably accurate. Phosphorylation difference mapsshow that the distribution of phosphates is not even, with significantly higher levels at the membranemargins and patches of high phosphate density next to patches of low charge density.
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