Microscopic measurements that provide direct information in nanometer length scales are essential to obtaina proper understanding of the interfacial reactions that form nanostructured materials. We present here theresults of a synchrotron X-ray scattering study of the formation and ordering of gold nanoparticles at thetoluene−water interface through a reduction reaction. The observed X-ray reflectivity and diffuse scatteringdata show the formation of a monolayer of “magic clusters” at the water−toluene interface. Each clusterconsists of 13 nanoparticles with about 12 Å diameter, similar to Au-55 nanoparticles, with about an 11 Åorganic layer and an in-plane cluster−cluster separation of 180 Å. The electron density profile of the monolayerof these clusters exhibits three layers of nanoparticles as a function of depth that evolves with time.