| Abstract
| - We have previously demonstrated that all-trans retinoic (atRA) induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal cells (MEPM). In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of atRA-induced apoptosis and its putative action pathway. atRA-induced apoptosis is associated with activation of the initiator caspase-9 and the effector caspase-3, but not of the effector caspase-8. A broad caspase inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk), caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEHD-fmk and caspase-3 inhibitor (z-DEVD-fmk) blocked atRA-induced DNA fragmentation and sub-G1 fraction, but not caspase-8 inhibitor z-IETD-fmk. We further showed that atRA dose-dependently promoted mRNA expression of retinoic acid receptor β (RAR-β) and γ. A weaker increase in RAR-α mRNA was seen only at the highest concentration of atRA (5 μM). The pan RAR antagonist, BMS493, completely abrogated atRA-induced DNA fragmentation, Sub-G1 fraction, and caspase-3 activation. Taken together, these findings show that caspase-mediated induction of apoptosis by atRA is an RAR-dependent signaling pathway.
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